Class 12 Physics

Here’s an overview of the key units and topics typically included in the Class 12 Physics syllabus:

1. Electrostatics

• Electric Charges: Properties of charges, conductors and insulators, Coulomb’s law.
• Electric Field and Potential: Electric field intensity, electric lines of force, potential due to point charges, and equipotential surfaces.
• Capacitance: Definition, capacitance of parallel plate capacitors, series and parallel combinations of capacitors, and energy stored in a capacitor.

2. Current Electricity

• Electric Current: Definition, flow of electric charge, and drift velocity.
• Ohm's Law: Resistance, resistivity, and factors affecting resistance.
• Electrical Circuits: Series and parallel circuits, Kirchhoff’s laws, and potential difference.
• Power in Electrical Circuits: Calculation of power, electrical energy, and power ratings of electrical appliances.

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

• Magnetic Fields: Magnetic force on moving charges, Biot-Savart law, and Ampere’s law.
• Magnetic Fields Due to Current: Magnetic field due to straight and circular currents, solenoids, and toroids.
• Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law, and self-induction and mutual induction.

4. Electromagnetic Waves

• Electromagnetic Spectrum: Range of electromagnetic waves, properties, and applications.
• Production and Propagation: Production of electromagnetic waves, Maxwell’s equations, and wave nature of light.

5. Optics

• Reflection and Refraction: Laws of reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection.
• Lenses: Thin lens formula, magnification, and applications of lenses in optical instruments.
• Wave Optics: Interference, diffraction, and polarization of light waves.

6. Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

• Photoelectric Effect: Experimental observations, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, and applications.
• De Broglie Hypothesis: Wave-particle duality of matter and associated concepts.

7. Atoms and Nuclei

• Structure of Atom: Rutherford’s model, Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom, and energy levels.
• Nuclear Physics: Radioactivity, nuclear reactions, and applications of nuclear physics (fission and fusion).

8. Electronic Devices

• Semiconductors: Basics of semiconductors, p-n junction, and diodes.
• Transistors: Working principle of bipolar junction transistors, characteristics, and applications in amplifiers and oscillators.
• Digital Electronics: Basic logic gates, Boolean algebra, and applications in digital circuits.

9. Communication Systems

• Basics of Communication: Elements of communication systems, modulation, and types of modulation (AM, FM).
• Satellite Communication: Concepts of geostationary satellites, transmission, and reception of signals.